In a new study reported at the American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference 2008, rising obesity rates have been linked to more strokes among women aged 35 to 54.
A previous analysis of stroke prevalence rates in the United States from 1999 to 2004 revealed that women in their midlife years were more than twice as likely as men of similar age to report having had a stroke, said Amytis Towfighi, M.D., an assistant professor in the Neurology Department at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, Ca.
To determine if this was a new phenomenon and to explore the potential contributions of vascular risk factors to stroke prevalence rates, researchers analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Surveys 1988-1994 (NHANES III) and 1999-2004. Researchers found that while 1.79% of women ages 35 to 54 who participated in NHANES reported having stroke, only 0.63% of women the same ages who participated in the earlier survey (NHANES III), reported stroke.
The analysis compared medical history variables (including smoking, diabetes mellitus, heart attack, high blood pressure), medication usage, and clinical markers among women in NHANES III and 1999-2004. Clinical markers evaluated included waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), also known as bad cholesterol), and blood pressure.
"We did not find significant differences in presence of conventional cardiovascular risk factors, such as blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL, smoking, heart disease, high blood pressure or diabetes, when we compared the two groups," said Towfighi, lead author of the study. Instead, women in the more recent survey were more likely to be using medications to control blood pressure and cholesterol. In fact, 14.8% of women in NHANES 1999-2004 reported using medications to lower blood pressure, compared to 8.9% in the earlier survey. Nearly 4% of women in NHANES 1999-2004 used medications to lower cholesterol, versus 1.4% in NHANES III.
"Women in NHANES 1999-2004 were significantly more obese than women a decade prior, with an average BMI of 28.67 kg/m2 versus 27.11 kg/m2 the decade prior," Towfighi said. BMI of 25.0 to 30.0 is considered overweight, while BMI of 30.1 or more is considered obese.
"In addition, women in NHANES 1999-2004 had an average waist circumference of nearly 4 centimetres more than women in the earlier study," Towfighi said. Women in NHANES 1999-2004 also had higher average glycated haemoglobin (an indicator of poor blood sugar control).
The researchers concluded that although key traditional risk factors, such as high blood pressure, may not be higher today than in the '90s, obesity and blood sugar markers are on the increase. "Abdominal obesity is a known predictor of stroke in women and may be a key factor in the midlife stroke surge in women," Towfighi said. "This study highlights the need to intensify efforts in curbing the obesity epidemic in the United States."
